Ated in response to higher levels of circulating glucose ?`insulin signaling pathway’ or low ?`glucagon sig, naling pathway’ and whose engagement of intracellular cas, cades aims at restoring the normal physiological levels of glucose, are also in a “part-of” partnership to the `glucose homeostasis pathway’ term, together with other pertinent terms. Insulin also plays crucial roles in energy homeostasis. Within the brain, insulin (and leptin) act to raise the expression of appetite-decreasing Pomc though decreasing the expression of appetite-stimulating Agrp genes. The `peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway’ term is in turn a kid in the far more general term `hormone signaling pathway’ as other classes of compounds with incredibly various , physico-chemical properties may also act as hormones. For instance, the Tanshinone I site steroid hormones and also the eicosanoids which, because the names recommend, are hormones, are lipid molecules. The signaling pathways they initiate are youngsters from the `lipid hormone signaling pathway’ term which in turn, is a sibling of `peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway’ and child of `hormone signaling pathway’ terms (Figure 1B). The nodes are not disjoint along with a provided pathway class is often the youngster of terms residing in distinct nodes, as the examples of insulin and glucagon signaling above show. The `peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway’ along with the `glucose homeostasis pathway’ are both parents of the signaling pathways of insulin and glucagon, albeit with different relationships to their children; the two parent terms are within the signaling and regulatory nodes, respectively. The `energy homeostasis pathway’ term is also a parent of PubMed ID:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21173121 insulin signaling and like glucose homeostasis, it truly is within the regulatory node (Figure 1C). The “pathway” and also the “process” concepts, though at times interchangeably used, are distinct. A pathway conveys the idea of a set of interacting molecules, on the reactions and interactions underlying its functioning. A process on the other hand, conveys the concept with the end outcome, the conclusion of a program of action, whether the consequence with the combined work that the set of reactions and interactions produces, inside the case of a easier 1, or in the case of a more complex 1, the combined function of pathways that contribute to or in some style modulate the end outcome. In the very same time, a provided pathway can take part in and/ or regulate a number of processes [12]. Inside the Biological ProcessPetri et al. Journal of Biomedical Semantics 2014, five:7 http://www.jbiomedsem.com/content/5/1/Page three ofABCFigure 1 The pathway ontology main nodes and positions of chosen terms. A. The 5 nodes of your Pathway Ontology. B. The term `lipid hormone signaling pathway’ in the ontology displaying the parent, siblings and young children terms. C. The term `insulin signaling pathway’ inside the ontology displaying the position from the term within the tree. `Insulin signaling pathway’ is inside a part_of partnership towards the `glucose’ and `energy homeostasis pathway’ terms within the regulatory node and in an is_a relationship to `peptide and protein hormone signaling pathway’ term within the signaling node.(BP) ontology of GO you will discover metabolic and other process terms that map to KEGG pathways and to terms in PW. For example, the formation of a fatty acid molecule may be the `fatty acid biosynthetic process’ term in GO; it really is the `fatty acid biosynthetic pathway’ term and also the `fatty acid biosynthesis’ entry in PW and at KEGG, respectively.